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  • Skin Sea Surface Temperature data from the (A)ATSR Validation Campaign by SISTeR. The prime objective of the (A)ATSR mission is to return accurate measurements of the global sea surface temperature. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, there have been joint efforts to validate the data. One of these efforts is the (A)ATSR Validation Campaign which involves the deployment of the Scanning Infrared Sea surface Temperature Radiometer (SISTeR). The SISTeR is a self-calibrating radiometer that measures the skin sea surface temperature. The SISTeR was mounted on MS Color Festival and MS Prinsesse Ragnhild to return skin sea surface temperature in the North Sea in 2006, and was on-board RMS Queen Mary 2 collecting data from the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Western Pacific between 2010 and 2014. Data was collected continuously throughout the cruises unless severe weather conditions required the instrument to be protected, which results in the prevention of the data collection.

  • The Met Office NU-WAVE (Ice Nuclearisation in Wave Clouds) project aimed at studying ice crystal nucleation in orographic wave clouds. NU_WAVE was to study the nucleation of ice crystals in orographic wave clouds and its dependence on the physical and chemical properties of the input aerosol. The primary aim was to study heterogeneous nucleation processes acting in the temperature range 0 to -35C (but principally -15 to -35C). Where possible, however, the influence of homogeneous nucleation a temperatures colder than -35C were also studied. It was based on a 2-flight campaign (November 2004) on board the FAAM aircraft. Flights involved penetration of single wave clouds, trains of wave clouds and extensive sheets of cirrus formed by orographic effects.

  • The Contrail Forecast Verification Experiment (COVEX) was a Met Office experiment to validate the new contrail forecasting techniques based on engine parameters and environmental conditions. It was based on a one-flight experiment on board the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Research (FAAM) aircraft, that took place in December 2004.

  • The European AQUA Thermodynamic Experiment (EAQUATE) was a study of the atmosphere, the land surface and the ocean surface by means of a range of airborne high resolution souders, in conjunction with observations from the Aqua and Aura satellites. The EAQUATE archive held at the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) includes data collected aboard the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) Bae 146 aircraft based at Cranfield, UK, during four flights in September 2004.

  • These data are held by the BADC for the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Molecular Spectroscopy Facility (MSF). MSF provides world-class scientific equipment and support for infrared (IR),visible, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The MSF laboratories are used by many UK and international customers in a wide range of research and development programmes. The data are spectra of various atmospheric gases. These data are public. The data held covers the following areas: Water vapour line parameters Molecular oxygen absorption cross-sections Molecular oxygen/nitrogen absorption cross-sections Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) infrared absorption cross-sections Perfluorocarbon (PFC) infrared absorption cross-sections Computer software

  • Data for Figure 3.2 from Chapter 3 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Figure 3.2 shows changes in surface temperature for different paleoclimates. --------------------------------------------------- How to cite this dataset --------------------------------------------------- When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates: Eyring, V., N.P. Gillett, K.M. Achuta Rao, R. Barimalala, M. Barreiro Parrillo, N. Bellouin, C. Cassou, P.J. Durack, Y. Kosaka, S. McGregor, S. Min, O. Morgenstern, and Y. Sun, 2021: Human Influence on the Climate System. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 423–552, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.005. --------------------------------------------------- Figure subpanels --------------------------------------------------- The figure has three subpanels, the data provided for all panels in subdirectories named panel_a, panel_b, panel_c --------------------------------------------------- List of data provided --------------------------------------------------- For panel (a): - PMIP3 global temperature anomalies over continents and oceans reconstruction sites - PMIP4 CMIP6 global temperature anomalies over continents and oceans reconstruction sites - PMIP4 non-CMIP6 global temperature anomalies over continents and oceans reconstruction sites - Tierney 2020 reconstructions of marine temperature - Cleator 2020 reconstructions of continental temperature For panel (b): - CMIP5 temperature data for paleoclimate periods - CMIP6 temperature data for paleoclimate periods - non-CMIP temperature data for paleoclimate periods - Instrumental observational and observations from reconstructions For panel (c): - Volcanic forcing from TS17, CU12, GRA08 - CMIP6 GMST anomaly with respect to 1850-1900 modelled with TS17 volcanic forcing - CMIP5 GMST anomaly with respect to 1850-1900 modelled with CU12 volcanic forcing - CMIP5 GMST anomaly with respect to 1850-1900 modelled with GRA08 volcanic forcing --------------------------------------------------- Data provided in relation to figure --------------------------------------------------- - panel_a/temperature_anomalies_scatter_points.csv relates to the scatter points and their standard deviation for panel (a) - For panel (b) the datasets are stored as following panel_b/temperature_{color}_{marker}_{period}_{model_group}_{additional_info}.csv and relates to the scatter points for panel (b). - For panel (c) the data is stored in panel_c/gmst_changes_paleo_volcanic_forcings.csv and relates to red, green, blue and black lines on the panel as well as grey shadings. Additional information about data provided in relation to figure in files headers. CMIP6 is the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. CMIP5 is the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. PMIP4 is the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 4 PMIP3 is the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 3 --------------------------------------------------- Temporal Range of Paleoclimate Data --------------------------------------------------- This dataset covers a paleoclimate timespan from 3.3Ma to 6ka (3.3 million years ago to 6 thousand years ago). --------------------------------------------------- Notes on reproducing the figure from the provided data. --------------------------------------------------- For panel (a) the error bar should be plotted as anomalies from columns 2/4 +/- standard deviation. --------------------------------------------------- Sources of additional information --------------------------------------------------- The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record: - Link to the report component containing the figure (Chapter 3) - Link to the Supplementary Material for Chapter 3, which contains details on the input data used in Table 3.SM.1 - Link to the code for the figure, archived on Zenodo.

  • This dataset contains monthly-averaged land surface temperatures (LSTs) and their uncertainty estimates from multiple Infra-Red (IR) instruments on Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) sun-synchronous (a.k.a. polar orbiting) satellites. Satellite land surface temperatures are skin temperatures, which means, for example, the temperature of the ground surface in bare soil areas, the temperature of the canopy over forests, and a mix of the soil and leaf temperature over sparse vegetation. The skin temperature is an important variable when considering surface fluxes of, for instance, heat and water. Daytime and night-time temperatures are provided in separate files corresponding to 10:30 and 22:30 local solar time. Per pixel uncertainty estimates are given in two forms, first, an estimate of the total uncertainty for the pixel and second, a breakdown of the uncertainty into components by correlation length. Also provided in the files, on a per pixel basis, are the observation time, the satellite viewing and solar geometry angles, a quality flag, and land cover class. The dataset is comprised of LSTs from a series of instruments with a common heritage: the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR-2), the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer on Sentinel 3A (SLSTRA); and data from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer on Earth Observation System - Terra (MODIS Terra) to fill the gap between AATSR and SLSTR. So, the instruments contributing to the time series are: ATSR-2 from August 1995 to July 2002; AATSR from August 2002 to March 2012; MODIS Terra from April 2012 to July 2016; and SLSTRA from August 2016 to December 2020. Inter-instrument biases are accounted for by cross-calibration with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instruments on Meteorological Operational (METOP) satellites. For consistency, a common algorithm is used for LST retrieval for all instruments. Furthermore, an adjustment is made to the LSTs to account for the half-hour difference between satellite equator crossing times. For consistency through the time series, coverage is restricted to the narrowest instrument swath width. The dataset coverage is near global over the land surface. During the period covered by ATSR-2, small regions were not covered due to downlinking constraints (most noticeably a track extending southwards across central Asia through India – further details can be found on the ATSR project webpages at http://www.atsr.rl.ac.uk/dataproducts/availability/coverage/atsr-2/index.shtml). LSTs are provided on a global equal angle grid at a resolution of 0.01° longitude and 0.01° latitude. Full Earth coverage is achieved in 3 days so the daily files have gaps where the surface is not covered by the satellite swath on that day. Furthermore, LSTs are not produced where clouds are present since under these circumstances the IR radiometer observes the cloud top which is usually much colder than the surface. Dataset coverage starts on 1st August 1995 and ends on 31st December 2020. There are two gaps of several months in the dataset: no data were acquired from ATSR-2 between 23 December 1995 and 30 June 1996 due to a scan mirror anomaly; and the ERS-2 gyro failed in January 2001, data quality was less good between 17th Jan 2001 and 5th July 2001 and are not used in this dataset. Also, there is a twelve day gap in the dataset due to Envisat mission extension orbital manoeuvres from 21st October 2010 to 1st November 2010. There are minor interruptions (1-10 days) during satellite/instrument maintenance periods or instrument anomalies. The dataset was produced by the University of Leicester (UoL) and LSTs were retrieved using the (UoL) LST retrieval algorithm and data were processed in the UoL processing chain. The dataset was produced as part of the ESA Land Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative which strives to improve satellite datasets to Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) standards.

  • The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB-2) Level 2 High Resolution (L2HR) dataset contains accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. Broadband measurements of earth-leaving radiances are made from which the emitted thermal and reflected solar components of the Earth Radiation Budget are derived. These data are available at a time resolution of 15 minutes for the region 60E to 60W, 60N to 60S and area are ideal for studying fast variations in the radiation budget such as those associated with changing cloud conditions, aerosol events and the diurnal cycle. Time and pixel centres matched with METEOSAT imager SEVIRI. The level 2 HR (High Resolution) data are resolution enhanced snapshots of the top of atmosphere radiances and fluxes every 15 minutes. They are provided at the product acquisition time of the METEOSAT narrowband SEVIRI imager on a fixed equal viewing angle grid matched to 3x3 SEVIRI pixel grid-boxes. This gives the HR product a temporal resolution of 15 minutes and a grid spacing of 9 km at the sub-satellite point. The time in the product name is the same as the SEVIRI product name time. Instantaneous accuracy at the HR scale is expected to be lower than for the lower spatial resolution GERB products as additional noise is introduced by the resolution enhancement, particularly for very inhomogeneous scenes and extreme angles. However, the HR product is recommended as the basis for users wishing to create custom averages over time and space and its production ensures that after appropriate averaging its accuracy is commensurate with the other GERB products The GERB instrument was specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and was carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellite operated by European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The first GERB instrument, GERB-2, was onboard Meteosat Second Generation satellite, MSG-1, and covers the period March 2004 to May 2007. Users must read the quality summary associated with these data and will find details of user applied correction that are recommended to be applied to these datasets before using. Please cite Harries et al., 2005: The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Project, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 86, 945-960, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-86-7-945.

  • The World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6) data from the the MIROC team MIROC6 model output for the "control plus perturbative surface fluxes of momentum, heat and water into ocean" (faf-all) experiment. These are available at the following frequencies: Amon, CFmon, Lmon, Ofx, Omon and SImon. The runs included the ensemble member: r1i1p1f1. CMIP6 was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the WCRP and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report (AR6). The the MIROC team team consisted of the following agencies: Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), Centre for Climate System Research - National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR-NIES) and Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI). The official CMIP6 Citation, and its associated DOI, is provided as an online resource linked to this record.

  • WCRP CMIP5: The EC-EARTH Consortium's EC-EARTH model output for the 10-year hindcast/prediction initialized in year 1975 (decadal1975) experiment. These data cover the following realms: atmos, land, ocean and seaIce; at the following frequencies: day and mon. The runs included the ensemble members: r10i1p1, r10i2p1, r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1, r6i1p1, r7i1p1, r8i1p1, r8i2p1 and r9i1p1. The WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5). For details of the EC-EARTH Consortium members please see the linked reference to the EC-EARTH Consortium website on this record.