HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. These data at 1 km resolution have been averaged across a set of discrete geographies defining UK administrative regions consistent with data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2019, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The gridded data are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost. This data set supersedes the previous versions of this dataset which also superseded UKCP09 gridded observations. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation). For this version of note is that historical data recovery has improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1883-1910, monthly temperature 1900-1909, and additional sunshine grids for 1919-1928 have been added. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project "Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.

Characterising and Interpreting FLuxes Over Sea Ice (CANDIFLOS) is a data analysis project drawing upon data from multiple field campaigns. It aims to improve the parameterization of surface fluxes over sea ice. This data set consists of the processed surface heat fluxes and sea ice fractions from the Arctic Clouds Summer Experiment (ACSE) project (2014) conducted on icebreaker Oden. Matching data from the AO2016 cruise are provided as a separate data set.

This dataset contains measurements taken from the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR instrument location at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory. The instrument measures CH4, N2O, CO and CO2. The Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) is a Regional station in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is situated on the North Norfolk coast (52°57’02’’N, 1°07’19’’E, 15 m asl).

This dataset contains momentum budget snow removal experiment model data from Dudh Koshi Valley in the Nepalese Himalaya. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was run for two months, July 2013 and January 2014, to investigate the momentum budget components of the winds in the Dudh Koshi Valley. All the permanent snow and ice in the model has been changed to rock. This data was collected as part of the Dynamical drivers of the local wind regime in a Himalayan valley project (NE/L002507/1). The WRF model has been modified to output the momentum budget components. There are four nested domains, of 27 km, 9 km, 3 km and 1 km resolution. The inner 1 km is 130 km by 130 km, centred on 27.98N, 86.76E.

This dataset includes the MPI-ESM-LR model output prepared for SPECS soilMoistureInit (1981-2012). These data were prepared by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), as part of the SPECS project. Model id is MPI-ESM-LR (MPI-ESM-LR 2015; atmosphere: ECHAM6 v6.3.01p2 (REV: 3904), T63L47; land: JSBACH (REV: 3904); ocean: MPIOM v1.6.1p1 (REV: 3753) marine biogeochemistry HAMOCC included, GR15L40; sea ice (REV: 3753). Frequency is daily and monthly. Daily Atmospheric variables are: clt hfls hfss pr prc psl rlds rlut rsds tas uas vas Monthly atmos variables: hus pr psl ta tas ua va zg Monthly ocean variables: mlotst tos uo vo Monthly land variables: mrro mrso Monthly sea ice variable: sit

HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The dataset at 25 km resolution is derived from the associated 1 km x 1 km resolution to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1836 to 2021, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The gridded data are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost. This data set supersedes the previous versions of this dataset which also superseded UKCP09 gridded observations. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation). The changes for v1.1.0.0 HadUK-Grid datasets are as follows: * The addition of data for calendar year 2021 * The addition of 30 year averages for the new reference period 1991-2020 * An update to 30 year averages for 1961-1990 and 1981-2010. This is an order of operation change. In this version 30 year averages have been calculated from the underlying monthly/seasonal/annual grids (grid-then-average) in previous version they were grids of interpolated station average (average-then-grid). This order of operation change results in small differences to the values, but provides improved consistency with the monthly/seasonal/annual series grids. However this order of operation change means that 1961-1990 averages are not included for sfcWind or snowlying variables due to the start date for these variables being 1969 and 1971 respectively. * A substantial new collection of monthly rainfall data have been added for the period before 1960. These data originate from the rainfall rescue project (Hawkins et al. 2022) and this source now accounts for 84% of pre-1960 monthly rainfall data, and the monthly rainfall series has been extended back to 1836. Net changes to the input station data used to generate this dataset: -Total of 122664065 observations -118464870 (96.5%) unchanged -4821 (0.004%) modified for this version -4194374 (3.4%) added in this version -5887 (0.005%) deleted from this version The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The output from a number of data recovery activities relating to 19th and early 20th Century data have been used in the creation of this dataset, these activities were supported by: the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme; the Natural Environment Research Council project "Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK"; the UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Strategic Priorities Fund UK Climate Resilience programme; The UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Public Engagement programme; the National Centre for Atmospheric Science; National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the NERC GloSAT project; and the contribution of many thousands of public volunteers. The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.

Radio propagation measurements at 20 GHz at Chilbolton, Hampshire for the ESA funded Large Scale Assessment of KA/Q band atmospheric channel using the ALPHASAT TDP5 Propagation beacon signal.

This dataset comprises monthly mean data from a global, transient simulation with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtension (WACCM-X) from 2015 to 2070. WACCM-X is a global atmosphere model covering altitudes from the surface up to ~500 km, i.e., including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. WACCM-X version 2.0 (Liu et al., 2018) was used, part of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) release 2.1.0 (http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm2) made available by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The model was run in free-running mode with a horizontal resolution of 1.9 degrees latitude and 2.5 degrees longitude (giving 96 latitude points and 144 longitude points) and 126 vertical levels. Further description of the model and simulation setup is provided by Cnossen (2022) and references therein. A large number of variables is included on standard monthly mean output files on the model grid, while selected variables are also offered interpolated to a constant height grid or vertically integrated in height (details below). Zonal mean and global mean output files are included as well. The data are provided in NetCDF format and file names have the following structure: f.e210.FXHIST.f19_f19.h1a.cam.h0.[YYYY]-[MM][DFT].nc where [YYYY] gives the year with 4 digits, [MM] gives the month (2 digits) and [DFT] specifies the data file type. The following data file types are included: 1) Monthly mean output on the full grid for the full set of variables; [DFT] = 2) Zonal mean monthly mean output for the full set of variables; [DFT] = _zm 3) Global mean monthly mean output for the full set of variables; [DFT] = _gm 4) Height-interpolated/-integrated output on the full grid for selected variables; [DFT] = _ht A cos(latitude) weighting was used when calculating the global means. Data were interpolated to a set of constant heights (61 levels in total) using the Z3GM variable (for variables output on midpoints, with 'lev' as the vertical coordinate) or the Z3GMI variable (for variables output on interfaces, with ilev as the vertical coordinate) stored on the original output files (type 1 above). Interpolation was done separately for each longitude, latitude and time. Mass density (DEN [g/cm3]) was calculated from the M_dens, N2_vmr, O2, and O variables on the original data files before interpolation to constant height levels. The Joule heating power QJ [W/m3] was calculated using Q_J = (sigma_P*B^2)*((u_i - U_n)^2 + (v_i-v_n)^2 + (w_i-w_n)^2) with sigma_P = Pedersen conductivity[S], B = geomagnetic field strength [T], ui, vi, and wi = zonal, meridional, and vertical ion velocities [m/s] and un, vn, and wn = neutral wind velocities [m/s]. QJ was integrated vertically in height (using a 2.5 km height grid spacing rather than the 61 levels on output file type 4) to give the JHH variable on the type 4 data files. The QJOULE variable also given is the Joule heating rate [K/s] at each of the 61 height levels. All data are provided as monthly mean files with one time record per file, giving 672 files for each data file type for the period 2015-2070 (56 years). References: Cnossen, I. (2022), A realistic projection of climate change in the upper atmosphere into the 21st century, in preparation. Liu, H.-L., C.G. Bardeen, B.T. Foster, et al. (2018), Development and validation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X 2.0), Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10(2), 381-402, doi:10.1002/2017ms001232.

Estimated annual burned area and uncertainties for three global satellite-derived burned area products. Each estimate is provided at 1° spatial resolution for the years 2001-2013. Theoretical annual uncertainties in burned area (standard errors) products are generated according to a multiplicative triple collocation error model and annualised according to a sampling of the 16-day burned area estimates from each product. The approach provides unique uncertainties at 1° for the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 burned area product (MCD64); the MODIS Collection 5.1 MCD45 product and the FireCCI50 product. Please note that due to limitations in the available sampling for the error model, around 40% of cells do not have uncertainty estimates.

This dataset contains the data used to plot results found in the Suppression of surface ozone by an aerosol-inhibited photochemical ozone regime journal article published in Nature Geoscience. The simulations were run using the GEOS-Chem V12.8 chemical transport model at 0.5-degree horizontal resolution over the domain 170W-170E, 10S-60N using 2017 meteorological data for 1750, 1970 and 2014 emissions scenarios. July 2017 GEOS-FP (forward-processing) meteorological fields were used for all simulations. Three experimental runs were performed using 1750 emissions; no sea salt, no dust and no biomass burning emissions. One experiment was run using 1970 emissions; no shipping emissions. Three experimental runs were performed using 2014 emissions with three different HO2 uptake coefficients; 0.1, 0.05 and 0 (no uptake). Surface data is archived for all simulations, additionally, data at pressure levels 200 hPa, and 500 hPa 800 hPa were archived for 2014.