High frequency measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and carbon monoxide (CO) made at Bilsdale Tall Tower, North York Moors National Park were made for the UK-DECC (Deriving Emissions related to Climate Change) Network. Bilsdale (BSD) tall tower is in a remote area of the North York Moors National Park and is the first monitoring site in the northeast region of England. The closest large conurbations are York and Middlesbrough, located 30 miles south and 16 miles northeast, respectively. The tower is on a high plateau overlooking green valleys used mainly for livestock (sheep and cattle). Between 2014-01-01 and 2017-03-17, air samples are taken from a line sampling 108 m above ground level. From 2017-03-17 onwards, air was sampled from 248 m above ground level. Due to the sites location, far from strong sources of local pollution, measurements from this site will be used to calculate emission maps of trace gas species in the UK in combination with other measurement stations in the UK (Ridge Hill, Tacolneston and Heathfield) and Ireland (Mace Head). This work was funded by Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) contracts TRN1028/06/2015 and TRN1537/06/2018 to the University of Bristol.

This data set consist of a single file which contains a set of optimised global surface fluxes of methane (CH4), produced through variational inverse methods using the TOMCAT chemical transport model, and the INVICAT inverse transport model. These surface fluxes are produced as monthly mean values on the (approximately) 5.6-degree horizontal model grid. The associated uncertainty for the flux from each grid cell is also included. The fluxes and uncertainties are global and cover the period Jan 2010 - Dec 2018. The emissions from fossil fuels are labelled FF_FLUX, whilst the uncertainties are labelled FF_ERROR. The emissions from natural, agricultural and biomass burning sources are labelled NAT_FLUX, whilst the uncertainties are labelled NAT_ERROR. These two sectors (fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel) are solved for separately in the inversion. Flux and uncertainty units are kg(CH4)/m2/s, and time units are days since January 1st 2010. These emissions show improved performance relative to independent observations when included in the TOMCAT model. Further details about the data can be found in Wilson et al. (2020) in the documentation section.

Co-Ordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) data for the Australasia Domain (AUS-44). The data is produced by the MetOffice Hadley Centre regional model HadRM3P running at 0.44 degree resolution over the Australasia CORDEX domain (AUS-44). HadRM3P is a regional climate model based on the HadCM3 Coupled Climate Model. The HadRM3P model is driven by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data to run the CORDEX Evaluation experiment, representative of the period from 1990 to 2011. The model outputs are stored on the native grid used for the simulation, which has a consistent spatial resolution across the simulation domain. Each variable is stored at the daily timescale. The collection also includes monthly and seasonal averages. In addition, the archive also includes sub-daily data. The CORDEX program is sponsored by the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) to organise an internationally coordinated framework to produce improved regional climate change projections for all land regions world-wide. The CORDEX-results will serve as input for climate change impact and adaptation studies.

Measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), carbon monoxide (CO) and a suite of halocarbons and other trace gases have been taken at Tacolneston tall tower as part of the UK DECC (Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change) Network. Tacolneston (TAC) is a rural UK site located on the in the east of England, 16 km south-west of Norwich (population ~200,000), and 32 km east of Thetford (population ~20,000), in Norfolk, UK. Three gas chromatography instruments measured atmospheric N2O, SF6, CO, H2 and other trace gas species from an inlet positioned at a height of 100 m above ground level between 2012-01-01 and 2017-03-09. The inlet height was then changed to 185 m above ground level. Two instruments (GC-RGA and GC-ECD) were decommissioned on 2018-03-13. The remaining two continue to operate. Two laser-based instruments have been used to measure CO2, CH4, N2O and CO from inlet heights of 54 m, 100 m, and 185 m above ground level. Due to the location of the site, far from strong sources of local pollution, measurements from this site can be used to calculate emission maps of trace gas species in the UK in combination with other measurement stations in the UK (Bilsdale, Ridge Hill and Heathfield) and Ireland (Mace Head). This work was funded by Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) contracts TRN1028/06/2015 and TRN1537/06/2018 to the University of Bristol.

Data from the MOHC (Met Office Hadley Centre) HadGEM3-ES model, part of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC)/ Stratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative phase 1 (CCMI-1). CCMI-1 is a global chemistry climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by the University of Reading on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). The dataset includes data for the CCMI-1 reference experiments: ref-C1 and ref-C2. ref-C1: Using state-of-knowledge historic forcings and observed sea surface conditions, the models simulate the recent past (1960–2010). ref-C2: Simulations spanning the period 1960–2100. The experiments follow the WMO (2011) A1 baseline scenario for ozone depleting substances and the RCP 6.0 (Meinshausen et al., 2011) for other greenhouse gases, tropospheric ozone (O3) precursors, and aerosol and aerosol precursor emissions.

This dataset contains meteorological, sea water temperature, surface ocean currents and wave height, direction and period measurements from a Seawatch Wavescan meteorological buoy deployed in the northwest Iceland Sea for the Iceland Greenland seas Project (IGP). This was an international project involving the UK, US a Norwegian research communities. The UK component was funded by NERC, under the Amospheric Forcing of the Iceland Sea (AFIS) project (NE/N009754/1). The Seawatch Wavescan meteorological buoy was deployed during the first leg of the NATO Research Vessel Alliance cruise, on 21 February 2018. Its position in the northwest Iceland Sea was strategically placed adjacent to a subsurface mooring in the Eggvin Offset. The dataset contains standard meteorological variables, surface ocean currents and wave height, direction and period from the buoy. Sea water temperature measurements at 8 m depth from the co-located mooring beneath the buoy are included to replace failed sea surface temperature measurements from the buoy under the reasonable assumption that this was still within the surface ocean mixed layer in this region. Similarly, pressure measurements that failed for roughly half of the deployment are replaced by surface layer estimates from ECMWF's ERA5 reanalysis product interpolated to the position of the meteorological buoy, corroborated for the period the sensor was working. Otherwise the buoy worked well for 2.5 months, until it broke loose from its anchor and stopped recording on 6 May 2018 and was recovered soon after. Also provided in the dataset are bulk aerodynamic flux estimates generated using the COARE3.0a algorithm.

The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) Infrared Microwave Sounder (IMS) data set contains vertical profiles of temperature, water vapour, and ozone as well as surface spectral emissivity spanning infrared and microwave, surface temperature, cloud fraction and height. Data are retrieved from co-located measurements by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on board the Eumetsat Metop satellites. Development of the IMS scheme and data production were funded by the UK’s National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) under the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), with additional funding from EUMETSAT contract EUM/CO/13/4600001252/THH. Data were produced by the Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). This first public release consists of a full processing of the Metop A mission from 2007 to the end of 2016, using version 2.1 of the algorithm. IMS data are produced with the horizontal sampling of IASI, ~25 x 25 km

Co-Ordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) data for the South America Domain (SAM-44). The data is produced by the MetOffice Hadley Centre regional model HadRM3P running at 0.44 degree resolution over the South America CORDEX domain (SAM-44). HadRM3P is a regional climate model based on the HadCM3 Coupled Climate Model. The HadRM3P model is driven by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data to run the CORDEX Evaluation experiment, representative of the period from 1990 to 2011. The model outputs are stored on the native grid used for the simulation, which has a consistent spatial resolution across the simulation domain. Each variable is stored at the daily timescale. The collection also includes monthly and seasonal averages. In addition, the archive also includes sub-daily data. The CORDEX program is sponsored by the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) to organise an internationally coordinated framework to produce improved regional climate change projections for all land regions world-wide. The CORDEX-results will serve as input for climate change impact and adaptation studies.

This dataset contains permafrost ground temperature data produced as part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Permafrost project. It forms part of the Beta version of their Climate Research Data Package (CRDP v0). It is derived from a thermal model driven and constrained by satellite data. Grid products of CDRP v0 are released in annual files, covering the start to the end of the Julian year. This corresponds to average annual ground temperatures and is provided for specific depths (surface, 1m, 2m, 5m , 10m) for the Northern Hemisphere (north of 30°) for the period 2003-2017.

Data for Figure 3.41 from Chapter 3 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Figure 3.41 is a summary figure showing simulated and observed changes in key large-scale indicators of climate change across the climate system, for continental, ocean basin and larger scales.  --------------------------------------------------- How to cite this dataset --------------------------------------------------- When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates: Eyring, V., N.P. Gillett, K.M. Achuta Rao, R. Barimalala, M. Barreiro Parrillo, N. Bellouin, C. Cassou, P.J. Durack, Y. Kosaka, S. McGregor, S. Min, O. Morgenstern, and Y. Sun, 2021: Human Influence on the Climate System. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 423–552, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.005. --------------------------------------------------- Figure subpanels --------------------------------------------------- The data of each panel is provided in a single file. --------------------------------------------------- List of data provided --------------------------------------------------- This datasets contains global and regional anomaly time-series for: - near-surface air temperature (1850-2020) - precipitation (1950-2014) - sea ice extent (1979-2014) - ocean heat content (1850-2014) --------------------------------------------------- Data provided in relation to figure --------------------------------------------------- near-surface air temperature (tas) -fig_3_41_tas_global.nc, fig_3_41_tas_land.nc, fig_3_41_tas_north_america.nc, fig_3_41_tas_central_south_america.nc, fig_3_41_tas_europe_north_africa.nc, fig_3_41_tas_africa.nc, fig_3_41_tas_asia.nc, fig_3_41_tas_australasia.nc, fig_3_41_tas_antarctic.nc: brown line: exp = 0, stat = 0 (mean); shaded region: stat = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) green line: exp = 1, stat = 0 (mean); shaded region: stat = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) black line: exp = 4, stat = 0 (mean) ocean heat content (ohc) -fig_3_41_ohc_global.nc: brown line: ncl5 = 0, ncl6 = 0 (mean); shaded region: ncl6 = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) green line: ncl5 = 1, ncl6 = 0 (mean); shaded region: ncl6 = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) black line: ncl5 = 2, ncl6 = 0 (mean) precipitation (pr) -fig_3_41_pr_60N_90N.nc: brown line: exp = 0, stat = 0 (mean); shaded region: stat = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) green line: exp = 1, stat = 0 (mean); shaded region: stat = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) black line: exp = 2, stat = 0 (mean) sea ice extent (siconc) -fig_3_41_siconc_nh.nc, fig_3_41_siconc_sh.nc: brown line: exp = 0, stat = 0 (mean); shaded region: stat = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) green line: exp = 1, stat = 0 (mean); shaded region: stat = 1 (5th percentile) and 2 (95th percentile) black line: exp = 2, stat = 0 (mean) The ensemble spread (shaded regions) of CMIP6 data shown in figure 3.41 are the mean, 5th and 95th percentiles. The in-file metadata labels the same ensemble spread with mean, min and max. --------------------------------------------------- Sources of additional information --------------------------------------------------- The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record: - Link to the report component containing the figure (Chapter 3) - Link to the Supplementary Material for Chapter 3, which contains details on the input data used in Table 3.SM.1 - Link to the code for the figure, archived on Zenodo - Link to the figure on the IPCC AR6 website