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  • The dataset is the output of a statistical model which downscales ERA5 monthly precipitation data using gauge measurements from the Upper Beas and Sutlej Basins in the Western Himalayas. Multi-Fidelity Gaussian Processes (MFGPs) are used to generate more accurate precipitation values between 1980 and 2012, including over ungauged areas of the basins. MFGPs are a probabilistic machine learning method that provides principled uncertainty estimates via the prediction of probability distributions. These predictions can therefore be used to estimate the likelihood of extreme precipitation events which have led to droughts, floods, and landslides. Funding from UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [grant number: 2270379].

  • Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to test glacier ice thickness/glacier bed detectability on debris-covered Himalayan glaciers at a range of frequencies in glacier long- and cross- profiles and at static points. The survey sites were of the Lirung and Langtang Glaciers in the Langtang National Park, Nepal, where debris cover thickness varied from centimetres to several metres. The radar used was the BAS DELORES dipole pulse radar system, operating at 5MHz, 10MHz, 20MHZ and 40MHz. Data were acquired as a stop-go survey at 2-4m intervals on partially snow-covered and entirely debris-covered glacier surfaces in temperatures close to freezing, with a diurnal freeze-thaw cycle. Funding was provided by the NERC grant NE/L013258/1.